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4.2 Absorption of photons
4.2.1 X-ray absorption edges, characteristic X-ray lines and
fluorescence yields
For a given absorbing element, the
general fall in X-ray absorption coefficient with increasing energy of incident
photon is interrupted by a sharp rise when the energy is equal to the binding
energy of an electron shell (K, L, M, etc.) in the absorber; this energy is the
least at which a vacancy can be created in the particular shell and is referred
to as the ‘edge’ or ‘critical excitation’ energy.
Characteristic X-ray lines are generated when an ‘initial’ vacancy in
an inner shell, created by X-ray or electron excitation, is filled by transfer
of an electron from another shell, thus leaving a ‘final’ vacancy in
that shell; the energy of the line is equal to the difference in binding
energies of the shells with the ‘initial’ and ‘final’
vacancies. Depending on atomic number, the X-ray spectra from the elements can
include lines from the K, L, M, N and O series corresponding to excitation of
the K, L, M, N or O levels; the table lists the energies—in keV—of
the principal lines of the common K, L and M series along with the
corresponding edge, or excitation, energy. Lines are identified both by the
common labels—e.g. Kα1, Kα2, etc.—
and the term labels giving in order the shells with the ‘initial’ and
‘final’ vacancies—e.g. KLIII, KLII, etc.
With the exception of the elements 92–103 the table has been prepared by
calculation of line energies from the compilation of smoothed edge energies
given by Dewey, Mapes and Reynolds, which in turn drew extensively on the
compilation by Bearden; the edge data for elements 92–103 are taken
directly from Bearden. The energies of the softer radiations may be affected by
the chemical state of the elements concerned; generally the shifts do not
exceed a few electron volts. The wavelength λ, in pm, can be derived from the tabulated
energy E, in keV, by the relationship λ = 1239.81/E.
Approximate K and L line intensities
are given at the head of the columns in the table, relative to the line in the
series which is normally the strongest. Where a range of values is indicated,
the first number represents the value for lowest Z, the second number that for
the highest Z, in the section of the table to which it refers. The values given
are based on the compilation of experimental relative intensities of Salem,
Panossian and Krause and the intensities calculated by Scofield (Salem et
al., pp. 121–37). The values are intended only as a rough guide and
the original references should be consulted for details. The accompanying
figure gives a plot of the relative intensities for the commonly encountered
Kβ line.
In addition to the lines given in the
table, satellite, or non-diagram, lines also occur; these are generally only of
significance in the case of the K-satellites or the lighter elements Al, Mg,
Si, etc. where their intensities may be a few per cent of that of the Kα line (see Clark or
Sandström).
The transition of an electron to fill,
for example, a vacancy in the K-shell may be accompanied by either the emission
of an X-ray photon or the transfer of energy to another electron which is then
emitted (an Auger electron); the probability that a vacancy in a given shell
will result in emission of an X-ray is the fluorescence yield of that
shell.
The accompanying figures give plots of
the fluorescence yield ωK for the K shell and an
effective yield γLII for the
LII shell versus Z; the effective yield for the LIII is
similar to that for the LII. The K and L plots are based on the
extensive survey by Krause, the validity of which is discussed in papers by
Mitchell and Barfoot, and Singh et al. which consider additional
experimental data including LI yields. A few values for the average
M shell fluorescence yield taken from The Handbook of Spectroscopy (ed.
J. W. Robinson) are also given in the figure.
References
Bearden (1967) Rev. Mod. Phys., 39(1),
78.
Clark (1963) Encyclopaedia of X-rays and Gamma Rays,
Reinhold.
Dewey, Mapes and Reynolds (1969) Progress in Nuclear
Energy, Series IX, Analytical Chemistry, Elion and Stewart (eds),
Pergamon.
Krause (1979) J. Physical and Chemical Reference Data,
8, 307–27.
Mitchell and Barfoot (1981) Nuclear Science
Applications, 1, 99.
Robinson (ed.) (1974) Handbook of
Spectroscopy, Vol. 1, p. 228, CRC Press, Cleveland.
Salem, Panossian
and Krause (1974) Atomic and Nuclear Data Tables 1A, 91–109.
Sandström (1957) Handbuch der Physik, Vol. XXX, X-rays,
Springer-Verlag.
Singh et al. (1990) Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, B51, 5.
X-ray
adsorption edges and characteristic X-ray line energies (keV)
|
Atomic
number and
element
|
K-series |
L-series |
M-series |
|
K
edge |
KNIII |
KMIII |
KMII |
KLIII |
KLII |
LI
edge |
LINIII |
LIMIII |
LIMII |
LII
edge |
LIINIV
|
LIIMIV |
LIII
edge |
LIIINV |
LIIIMV |
LIIIMIV |
LIIIMI |
MIINIV |
MIII
edge |
MIIINV |
MIV
edge |
MIVNVI |
MV
edge |
MVNVII |
MVNVI |
|
Kβ2 |
Kβ1 |
Kβ3 |
Kα1 |
Kα2 |
Lγ3 |
Lβ3 |
Lβ4 |
Lγ1 |
Lβ1 |
Lβ2 |
Lα1 |
Lα2 |
Ll |
Mγ |
Mβ |
Mα1 |
Mα2 |
|
Intensity |
— |
2–5 |
~20 |
~10 |
100 |
50–53 |
— |
~5 |
50–35 |
20 |
— |
~5 |
~50 |
— |
~5 |
~90 |
10 |
20–5 |
|
— |
|
— |
|
— |
|
|
|
4 Be |
0.115 |
|
|
|
0.109 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 B |
0.188 |
|
|
|
0.183 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 C |
0.282 |
|
|
|
0.277 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 N |
0.397 |
|
|
|
0.393 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.004 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 O |
0.533 |
|
|
|
0.525 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 F |
0.692 |
|
|
|
0.677 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.015 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 Ne |
0.874 |
|
0.858 |
0.848 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.026 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 Na |
1.080 |
|
1.071 |
1.041 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.039 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 Mg |
1.309 |
|
1.302 |
1.253 |
0.062 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.056 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 Al |
1.562 |
|
1.557 |
1.487 |
1.486 |
0.087 |
|
|
|
0.076 |
|
|
0.075 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 Si |
1.840 |
|
1.836 |
1.740 |
1.739 |
0.118 |
|
|
|
0.101 |
|
|
0.100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 P |
2.143 |
|
2.139 |
2.014 |
2.013 |
0.153 |
|
|
|
0.130 |
|
|
0.129 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 S |
2.471 |
|
2.464 |
2.308 |
2.307 |
0.193 |
|
|
|
0.164 |
|
|
0.163 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 Cl |
2.824 |
|
2.816 |
2.622 |
2.620 |
0.237 |
|
|
|
0.204 |
|
|
0.202 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 Ar |
3.203 |
|
3.190 |
2.958 |
2.956 |
0.286 |
|
|
|
0.247 |
|
|
0.245 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 K |
3.607 |
|
3.590 |
3.314 |
3.311 |
0.340 |
|
|
|
0.296 |
|
|
0.293 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 Ca |
4.034 |
|
4.013 |
3.692 |
3.688 |
0.403 |
|
|
|
0.346 |
|
|
0.342 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 Sc |
4.486 |
|
4.461 |
4.090 |
4.086 |
0.462 |
|
|
|
0.400 |
|
0.400 |
0.396 |
|
0.395 |
0.348 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 Ti |
4.965 |
|
4.932 |
4.511 |
4.505 |
0.529 |
|
|
|
0.460 |
|
0.458 |
0.454 |
|
0.452 |
0.395 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23 V |
5.463 |
|
5.427 |
4.952 |
4.944 |
0.626 |
|
0.585 |
0.519 |
|
0.519 |
0.511 |
|
0.511 |
0.446 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 Cr |
5.987 |
|
5.947 |
5.415 |
5.405 |
0.694 |
|
0.654 |
0.582 |
|
0.583 |
0.572 |
|
0.573 |
0.500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 Mn |
6.537 |
|
6.490 |
5.899 |
5.888 |
0.768 |
|
0.721 |
0.649 |
|
0.649 |
0.638 |
|
0.637 |
0.556 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 Fe |
7.112 |
|
7.058 |
6.404 |
6.391 |
0.846 |
|
0.792 |
0.721 |
|
0.719 |
0.708 |
|
0.705 |
0.615 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 Co |
7.712 |
|
7.649 |
6.930 |
6.915 |
0.929 |
|
0.870 |
0.797 |
|
0.791 |
0.782 |
|
0.776 |
0.678 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 Ni |
8.339 |
|
8.265 |
7.478 |
7.461 |
1.016 |
|
0.941 |
0.878 |
|
0.869 |
0.861 |
|
0.852 |
0.743 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 Cu |
8.993 |
|
8.905 |
8.903 |
8.048 |
8.028 |
1.109 |
|
1.023 |
1.019 |
0.965 |
|
0.950 |
0.945 |
|
0.930 |
0.811 |
|
|
|
0.015 |
|
|
|
|
|
30 Zn |
9.673 |
9.6581 |
9.572 |
9.567 |
8.639 |
8.616 |
1.208 |
|
1.107 |
1.102 |
1.057 |
|
1.035 |
1.034 |
|
1.012 |
0.884 |
|
|
|
0.022 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 Ga |
10.386 |
10.3661 |
10.271 |
10.261 |
9.252 |
9.231 |
1.316 |
|
1.197 |
1.191 |
1.155 |
|
1.125 |
1.134 |
|
1.098 |
0.957 |
|
0.115 |
|
0.030 |
|
|
|
|
|
32 Ge |
11.115 |
11.1011 |
10.983 |
10.978 |
9.887 |
9.856 |
1.426 |
|
1.294 |
1.289 |
1.259 |
|
1.218 |
1.228 |
|
1.188 |
1.036 |
|
0.132 |
|
0.041 |
|
|
|
|
|
33 As |
11.877 |
11.8641 |
11.727 |
11.721 |
10.544 |
10.509 |
1.536 |
|
1.386 |
1.380 |
1.368 |
|
1.316 |
1.333 |
|
1.282 |
1.120 |
|
0.150 |
|
0.052 |
|
|
|
|
|
34 Se |
12.666 |
12.6521 |
12.496 |
12.489 |
11.222 |
11.181 |
1.662 |
|
1.492 |
1.485 |
1.485 |
|
1.419 |
1.444 |
|
1.379 |
1.204 |
|
0.170 |
|
0.066 |
|
|
|
|
|
35 Br |
13.483 |
13.4701 |
13.292 |
13.285 |
11.924 |
11.878 |
1.791 |
|
1.600 |
1.593 |
1.605 |
|
1.523 |
1.559 |
|
1.480 |
1.294 |
|
0.191 |
|
0.082 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 Kr |
14.330 |
14.3151 |
14.113 |
14.105 |
12.650 |
12.598 |
1.923 |
|
1.706 |
1.698 |
1.732 |
|
1.637 |
1.680 |
|
1.586 |
1.386 |
|
0.217 |
|
0.095 |
|
|
|
|
|
37 Rb |
15.202 |
15.1851 |
14.962 |
14.952 |
13.396 |
13.336 |
2.067 |
2.0512 |
1.827 |
1.817 |
1.866 |
|
1.752 |
1.806 |
|
1.694 |
1.692 |
1.482 |
|
0.240 |
|
0.114 |
|
0.112 |
|
|
|
38 Sr |
16.106 |
16.0851 |
15.836 |
15.826 |
14.166 |
14.098 |
2.217 |
2.1972 |
1.947 |
1.937 |
2.008 |
|
1.872 |
1.940 |
|
1.806 |
1.804 |
1.582 |
|
0.270 |
|
0.136 |
|
1.134 |
|
|
|
39 Y |
17.037 |
17.0151 |
16.737 |
16.725 |
14.958 |
14.882 |
2.372 |
2.3472 |
2.072 |
2.060 |
2.155 |
|
1.996 |
2.079 |
|
1.923 |
1.920 |
1.685 |
|
0.300 |
|
0.159 |
|
0.156 |
|
|
|
40 Zr |
17.997 |
17.9631 |
17.662 |
17.649 |
15.770 |
15.692 |
2.535 |
2.5032 |
2.200 |
2.187 |
2.305 |
2.292 |
2.118 |
2.227 |
2.215 |
2.043 |
2.040 |
1.792 |
|
0.335 |
0.323 |
0.187 |
|
0.184 |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 Nb |
18.985 |
18.9471 |
18.623 |
18.606 |
16.615 |
16.521 |
2.698 |
2.6602 |
2.336 |
2.319 |
2.464 |
2.449 |
2.257 |
2.370 |
2.357 |
2.166 |
2.163 |
1.902 |
|
0.362 |
0.349 |
0.207 |
|
0.204 |
|
|
|
42 Mo |
20.002 |
19.960 |
19.608 |
19.590 |
17.479 |
17.374 |
2.867 |
2.8252 |
2.473 |
2.455 |
2.628 |
2.611 |
2.396 |
2.523 |
2.508 |
2.295 |
2.291 |
2.016 |
|
0.394 |
0.379 |
0.232 |
|
0.228 |
|
|
|
43 Tc |
21.048 |
21.002 |
20.619 |
20.599 |
18.367 |
18.251 |
3.047 |
3.0012 |
2.618 |
2.598 |
2.797 |
2.778 |
2.537 |
2.681 |
2.664 |
2.424 |
2.421 |
2.131 |
|
0.429 |
0.412 |
0.260 |
|
0.257 |
|
|
|
44 Ru |
22.123 |
22.072 |
21.656 |
21.637 |
19.279 |
19.150 |
3.230 |
3.1792 |
2.763 |
2.744 |
2.973 |
2.952 |
2.683 |
2.844 |
2.825 |
2.556 |
2.554 |
2.253 |
|
0.467 |
0.448 |
0.290 |
|
0.288 |
|
|
|
45 Rh |
23.229 |
23.173 |
22.723 |
22.698 |
20.216 |
20.073 |
3.421 |
3.3652 |
2.915 |
2.890 |
3.156 |
3.132 |
2.835 |
3.013 |
2.992 |
2.698 |
2.692 |
2.377 |
|
0.506 |
0.485 |
0.321 |
|
0.315 |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 Pd |
24.365 |
24.303 |
23.819 |
23.792 |
21.178 |
21.021 |
3.619 |
3.557 |
3.073 |
3.046 |
3.344 |
3.318 |
2.990 |
3.187 |
3.163 |
2.838 |
2.833 |
2.503 |
|
0.546 |
0.522 |
0.354 |
|
0.349 |
|
|
|
47 Ag |
25.531 |
25.463 |
24.943 |
24.912 |
22.163 |
21.991 |
3.822 |
3.754 |
3.234 |
3.203 |
3.540 |
3.511 |
3.151 |
3.368 |
3.342 |
2.985 |
2.979 |
2.634 |
|
0.588 |
0.562 |
0.389 |
|
0.383 |
|
|
|
48 Cd |
26.727 |
26.653 |
26.095 |
26.061 |
23.173 |
22.985 |
4.034 |
3.960 |
3.402 |
3.368 |
3.742 |
3.710 |
3.319 |
3.554 |
3.525 |
3.134 |
3.131 |
2.767 |
|
0.632 |
0.603 |
0.423 |
|
0.420 |
|
|
|
49 In |
27.953 |
27.872 |
27.275 |
27.237 |
24.209 |
24.002 |
4.250 |
4.169 |
3.572 |
3.534 |
3.951 |
3.915 |
3.487 |
3.744 |
3.712 |
3.288 |
3.280 |
2.905 |
|
0.678 |
0.646 |
0.464 |
|
0.456 |
|
|
|
50 Sn |
29.211 |
29.122 |
28.491 |
28.439 |
25.272 |
25.044 |
4.475 |
4.377 |
3.750 |
3.703 |
4.167 |
4.127 |
3.661 |
3.939 |
3.903 |
3.442 |
3.433 |
3.045 |
|
0.720 |
0.684 |
0.506 |
|
0.497 |
|
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|
Intensity |
— |
5–15 |
~20 |
~10 |
100 |
53–65 |
— |
~5 |
35–20 |
20 |
— |
5–25 |
100 |
— |
5–20 |
~90 |
10 |
20–5 |
|
— |
|
— |
|
— |
|
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|
51 Sb |
30.499 |
30.402 |
29.725 |
29.677 |
26.359 |
26.110 |
4.706 |
4.609 |
3.932 |
3.884 |
4.389 |
4.345 |
3.843 |
4.140 |
4.101 |
3.604 |
3.594 |
3.189 |
|
0.774 |
0.735 |
0.537 |
|
0.527 |
|
|
|
52 Te |
31.817 |
31.712 |
30.995 |
30.944 |
27.472 |
27.201 |
4.942 |
4.837 |
4.120 |
4.069 |
4.616 |
4.568 |
4.030 |
4.345 |
4.302 |
3.770 |
3.759 |
3.336 |
|
0.822 |
0.779 |
0.583 |
|
0.572 |
|
|
|
53 I |
33.168 |
33.054 |
32.295 |
32.239 |
28.612 |
28.317 |
5.186 |
5.072 |
4.313 |
4.257 |
4.851 |
4.799 |
4.221 |
4.556 |
4.509 |
3.938 |
3.926 |
3.485 |
|
0.873 |
0.826 |
0.631 |
|
0.619 |
|
|
|
54 Xe |
34.551 |
34.428 |
33.625 |
33.562 |
29.779 |
29.459 |
5.442 |
5.319 |
4.516 |
4.453 |
5.092 |
5.035 |
4.415 |
4.772 |
4.720 |
4.110 |
4.095 |
3.625 |
|
0.926 |
0.874 |
0.678 |
|
0.672 |
|
|
|
55 Cs |
35.966 |
35.833 |
34.985 |
34.918 |
30.973 |
30.625 |
5.700 |
5.567 |
4.719 |
4.652 |
5.341 |
5.278 |
4.619 |
4.993 |
4.936 |
4.289 |
4.271 |
3.795 |
|
0.981 |
0.924 |
0.740 |
|
0.726 |
|
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|
56 Ba |
37.414 |
37.270 |
36.378 |
36.303 |
32.194 |
31.817 |
5.964 |
5.820 |
4.928 |
4.853 |
5.597 |
5.529 |
4.827 |
5.220 |
5.158 |
4.470 |
4.450 |
3.954 |
|
1.036 |
0.974 |
0.796 |
|
0.781 |
|
|
|
57 La |
38.894 |
38.739 |
37.802 |
37.721 |
33.442 |
33.034 |
6.235 |
6.080 |
5.143 |
5.062 |
5.860 |
5.786 |
5.037 |
5.452 |
5.385 |
4.651 |
4.629 |
4.122 |
|
1.092 |
1.025 |
0.854 |
0.854 |
0.833 |
0.833 |
|
58 Ce |
40.410 |
40.243 |
39.258 |
39.170 |
34.720 |
34.279 |
6.516 |
6.349 |
5.364 |
5.276 |
6.131 |
6.051 |
5.261 |
5.690 |
5.617 |
4.839 |
4.820 |
4.289 |
|
1.152 |
1.079 |
0.902 |
0.902 |
0.883 |
0.883 |
|
59 Pr |
41.958 |
41.778 |
40.748 |
40.653 |
36.026 |
35.550 |
6.802 |
6.622 |
5.592 |
5.497 |
6.408 |
6.321 |
5.485 |
5.932 |
5.853 |
5.034 |
5.009 |
4.455 |
|
1.210 |
1.131 |
0.951 |
0.950 |
0.931 |
0.929 |
|
60 Nd |
43.538 |
43.345 |
42.272 |
42.166 |
37.361 |
36.847 |
7.095 |
6.902 |
5.829 |
5.723 |
6.691 |
6.597 |
5.722 |
6.177 |
6.091 |
5.231 |
5.208 |
4.633 |
|
1.266 |
1.180 |
1.000 |
0.997 |
0.978 |
0.978 |
|
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|
61 Pm |
45.152 |
44.947 |
43.825 |
43.713 |
38.725 |
38.171 |
7.398 |
7.193 |
6.071 |
5.959 |
6.981 |
6.880 |
5.962 |
6.427 |
6.334 |
5.433 |
5.408 |
4.785 |
|
1.327 |
1.234 |
1.052 |
|
1.027 |
|
|
62 Sm |
46.801 |
46.584 |
45.413 |
45.289 |
40.118 |
39.523 |
7.707 |
7.490 |
6.319 |
6.195 |
7.278 |
7.169 |
6.205 |
6.683 |
6.582 |
5.635 |
5.610 |
4.995 |
|
1.388 |
1.287 |
1.106 |
1.100 |
1.081 |
1.081 |
|
63 Eu |
48.486 |
48.256 |
47.036 |
46.902 |
41.542 |
40.902 |
8.024 |
7.794 |
6.574 |
6.440 |
7.584 |
7.467 |
6.455 |
6.944 |
6.835 |
5.843 |
5.815 |
5.177 |
|
1.450 |
1.341 |
1.161 |
1.153 |
1.131 |
1.131 |
|
64 Gd |
50.207 |
49.964 |
48.696 |
48.554 |
42.996 |
42.309 |
8.343 |
8.100 |
6.832 |
6.690 |
7.898 |
7.772 |
6.713 |
7.211 |
7.034 |
6.058 |
6.026 |
5.362 |
|
1.511 |
1.334 |
1.217 |
1.209 |
1.185 |
1.185 |
|
65 Tb |
51.965 |
51.709 |
50.382 |
50.228 |
44.481 |
43.744 |
8.679 |
8.423 |
7.096 |
6.942 |
8.221 |
8.086 |
6.976 |
7.484 |
7.358 |
6.273 |
6.239 |
5.547 |
|
1.583 |
1.457 |
1.275 |
1.266 |
1.241 |
1.240 |
|
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|
66 Dy |
53.761 |
53.491 |
52.119 |
51.956 |
45.999 |
45.208 |
9.013 |
8.743 |
7.371 |
7.208 |
8.553 |
8.409 |
7.249 |
7.762 |
7.627 |
6.496 |
6.458 |
5.743 |
|
1.642 |
1.507 |
1.333 |
1.325 |
1.295 |
1.293 |
|
67 Ho |
55.593 |
55.308 |
53.878 |
53.707 |
47.547 |
46.699 |
9.365 |
9.080 |
7.650 |
7.479 |
8.894 |
8.740 |
7.529 |
8.046 |
7.901 |
6.719 |
6.681 |
5.944 |
|
1.715 |
1.570 |
1.392 |
1.383 |
1.351 |
1.348 |
|
68 Er |
57.464 |
57.164 |
55.681 |
55.491 |
49.128 |
48.221 |
9.725 |
9.425 |
7.942 |
7.752 |
9.243 |
9.078 |
7.813 |
8.336 |
8.180 |
6.951 |
6.906 |
6.153 |
|
1.783 |
1.627 |
1.453 |
1.443 |
1.409 |
1.406 |
|
69 Tm |
59.374 |
59.059 |
57.513 |
57.303 |
50.742 |
49.773 |
10.097 |
9.782 |
8.236 |
8.026 |
9.601 |
9.426 |
8.103 |
8.632 |
8.465 |
7.181 |
7.134 |
6.342 |
|
1.861 |
1.694 |
1.515 |
1.503 |
1.468 |
1.462 |
|
70 Yb |
61.322 |
60.991 |
59.374 |
59.157 |
52.389 |
51.354 |
10.479 |
10.148 |
8.531 |
8.314 |
9.968 |
9.781 |
8.402 |
8.933 |
8.755 |
7.415 |
7.367 |
6.546 |
|
1.948 |
1.770 |
1.576 |
1.568 |
1.528 |
1.521 |
|
|
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|
71 Lu |
63.311 |
62.960 |
61.286 |
61.049 |
54.070 |
52.965 |
10.869 |
10.518 |
8.844 |
8.607 |
10.346 |
10.144 |
8.709 |
9.241 |
9.049 |
7.655 |
7.604 |
6.753 |
|
2.025 |
1.833 |
1.637 |
1.623 |
1.586 |
1.572 |
|
72 Hf |
65.345 |
64.973 |
63.236 |
62.979 |
55.790 |
54.611 |
11.262 |
10.890 |
9.153 |
8.896 |
10.734 |
10.517 |
9.016 |
9.555 |
9.348 |
7.891 |
7.837 |
6.960 |
|
2.109 |
1.902 |
1.718 |
1.700 |
1.664 |
1.646 |
|
73 Ta |
67.405 |
67.011 |
65.221 |
64.946 |
57.533 |
56.277 |
11.672 |
11.278 |
9.488 |
9.213 |
11.128 |
10.894 |
9.345 |
9.872 |
9.649 |
8.147 |
8.089 |
7.173 |
|
2.184 |
1.961 |
1.783 |
1.760 |
1.725 |
1.702 |
|
74 W |
69.517 |
69.100 |
67.244 |
66.951 |
59.318 |
57.982 |
12.092 |
11.675 |
9.819 |
9.526 |
11.535 |
11.284 |
9.671 |
10.199 |
9.959 |
8.396 |
8.335 |
7.388 |
|
2.273 |
2.033 |
1.864 |
1.835 |
1.803 |
1.776 |
1.774 |
|
75 Re |
71.670 |
71.230 |
69.309 |
68.994 |
61.140 |
59.718 |
12.522 |
12.082 |
10.161 |
9.846 |
11.952 |
11.682 |
10.006 |
10.530 |
10.273 |
8.651 |
8.584 |
7.604 |
|
2.361 |
2.104 |
1.946 |
1.910 |
1.879 |
1.845 |
1.843 |
|
|
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|
|
|
76 Os |
73.869 |
73.404 |
71.416 |
71.077 |
63.001 |
61.487 |
12.968 |
12.503 |
10.515 |
10.176 |
12.382 |
12.092 |
10.349 |
10.868 |
10.592 |
8.905 |
8.835 |
7.822 |
|
2.453 |
2.177 |
2.033 |
1.988 |
1.963. |
1.921 |
1.918 |
|
77 Ir |
76.111 |
75.620 |
73.560 |
73.203 |
64.896 |
63.287 |
13.416 |
12.925 |
10.865 |
10.508 |
12.824 |
12.514 |
10.705 |
11.215 |
10.919 |
9.175 |
9.096 |
8.046 |
|
2.551 |
2.255 |
2.119 |
2.062 |
2.040 |
1.988 |
1.983 |
|
78 Pt |
78.400 |
77.883 |
75.751 |
75.364 |
66.832 |
65.123 |
13.880 |
13.363 |
11.231 |
10.844 |
13.277 |
12.944 |
11.073 |
11.568 |
11.251 |
9.439 |
9.364 |
8.271 |
|
2.649 |
2.332 |
2.204 |
2.134 |
2.129 |
2.065 |
2.059 |
|
79 Au |
80.729 |
80.182 |
77.985 |
77.580 |
68.804 |
66.990 |
14.353 |
13.806 |
11.609 |
11.204 |
13.739 |
13.383 |
11.432 |
11.925 |
11.585 |
9.705 |
9.618 |
8.494 |
|
2.744 |
2.404 |
2.307 |
2.220 |
2.220 |
2.142 |
2.133 |
|
80 Hg |
83.109 |
82.532 |
80.261 |
79.822 |
70.819 |
68.894 |
14.835 |
14.258 |
11.987 |
11.548 |
14.215 |
13.834 |
11.823 |
12.290 |
11.927 |
9.999 |
9.898 |
8.722 |
|
2.848 |
2.485 |
2.392 |
2.285 |
2.291 |
2.195 |
2.184 |
|
|
|
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|
|
|
81 Tl |
83.532 |
84.924 |
82.575 |
82.384 |
72.872 |
70.832 |
15.344 |
14.736 |
13.387 |
12.196 |
14.700 |
14.293 |
12.217 |
12.660 |
12.272 |
10.271 |
10.117 |
8.953 |
3.012 |
2.957 |
2.569 |
2.483 |
2.360 |
2.389 |
2.270 |
2.266 |
|
82 Pb |
88.008 |
87.367 |
84.936 |
84.450 |
74.969 |
72.804 |
15.863 |
15.222 |
12.791 |
12.305 |
15.204 |
14.769 |
12.618 |
13.039 |
12.625 |
10.555 |
10.453 |
9.185 |
3.125 |
3.072 |
2.658 |
2.586 |
2.442 |
2.484 |
2.345 |
2.340 |
|
83 Bi |
90.540 |
89.866 |
87.354 |
86.831 |
77.118 |
74.815 |
16.391 |
15.717 |
13.205 |
12.682 |
15.725 |
15.261 |
13.031 |
13.422 |
12.981 |
10.836 |
10.728 |
9.421 |
3.234 |
3.186 |
2.745 |
2.694 |
2.534 |
2.586 |
2.422 |
2.426 |
|
84 Po |
93.113 |
92.403 |
89.801 |
89.250 |
79.301 |
76.863 |
16.940 |
16.230 |
13.628 |
13.077 |
16.250 |
15.756 |
13.452 |
13.812 |
13.342 |
11.131 |
11.014 |
9.664 |
3.354 |
3.312 |
2.842 |
2.798 |
2.620 |
2.681 |
2.501 |
2.503 |
|
85 At |
95.730 |
94.983 |
92.302 |
91.722 |
81.523 |
78.943 |
17.495 |
16.748 |
14.067 |
13.487 |
16.787 |
16.262 |
13.882 |
14.207 |
13.708 |
11.427 |
11.302 |
9.858 |
3.475 |
3.428 |
2.929 |
2.905 |
2.707 |
2.780 |
2.581 |
2.582 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
86 Rn |
98.402 |
97.617 |
94.866 |
94.246 |
83.793 |
81.065 |
18.047 |
17.262 |
14.511 |
13.891 |
17.337 |
16.777 |
14.323 |
14.609 |
14.079 |
11.727 |
11.595 |
10.085 |
3.593 |
3.536 |
3.006 |
3.014 |
2.794 |
2.882 |
2.663 |
2.662 |
|
87 Fr |
101.131 |
100.306 |
97.477 |
96.807 |
86.114 |
83.231 |
18.630 |
17.805 |
14.976 |
14.306 |
17.900 |
17.307 |
14.775 |
15.017 |
14.456 |
12.031 |
11.892 |
10.340 |
3.724 |
3.654 |
3.093 |
3.125 |
2.881 |
2.986 |
2.746 |
2.742 |
|
88 Ra |
103.909 |
103.039 |
100.130 |
99.432 |
88.476 |
85.434 |
19.222 |
18.352 |
15.443 |
14.745 |
18.475 |
17.848 |
15.238 |
15.433 |
14.839 |
12.340 |
12.196 |
10.622 |
3.853 |
3.779 |
3.185 |
3.237 |
2.967 |
3.093 |
2.829 |
2.823 |
|
89 Ac |
106.738 |
105.837 |
102.846 |
102.101 |
90.884 |
87.675 |
19.823 |
18.922 |
15.931 |
15.186 |
19.063 |
18.402 |
15.711 |
15.854 |
15.227 |
12.652 |
12.502 |
10.835 |
3.981 |
3.892 |
3.265 |
3.352 |
3.054 |
3.202 |
2.913 |
2.904 |
|
90 Th |
109.641 |
108.690 |
105.611 |
104.831 |
93.358 |
89.952 |
20.449 |
19.498 |
16.419 |
15.639 |
16.689 |
18.993 |
16.215 |
16.283 |
15.622 |
12.970 |
12.809 |
11.119 |
4.118 |
4.030 |
3.369 |
3.474 |
3.145 |
3.313 |
2.996 |
2.984 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
91 Pa |
112.599 |
111.606 |
108.435 |
107.606 |
95.883 |
92.287 |
21.088 |
20.095 |
16.924 |
16.095 |
20.312 |
19.581 |
16.715 |
16.716 |
16.022 |
13.300 |
13.119 |
11.366 |
4.261 |
4.164 |
3.470 |
3.597 |
3.251 |
3.416 |
3.083 |
3.070 |
|
92 U |
115.606 |
114.561 |
111.303 |
110.424 |
98.440 |
94.659 |
21.757 |
20.712 |
17.454 |
16.575 |
20.947 |
20.167 |
17.219 |
17.166 |
16.429 |
13.614 |
13.438 |
11.619 |
4.401 |
4.303 |
3.566 |
3.728 |
3.337 |
3.552 |
3.171 |
3.161 |
|
93 Np |
118.678 |
117.591 |
114.243 |
113.312 |
101.068 |
97.077 |
22.427 |
21.340 |
17.992 |
17.061 |
21.601 |
20.785 |
17.751 |
17.610 |
16.840 |
13.944 |
13.760 |
11.890 |
4.543 |
4.435 |
3.665 |
3.850 |
3.435 |
3.666 |
3.262 |
3.251 |
|
94 Pu |
121.818 |
120.703 |
117.261 |
116.277 |
103.761 |
99.552 |
23.097 |
21.982 |
18.540 |
17.556 |
22.266 |
21.417 |
18.293 |
18.057 |
17.256 |
14.279 |
14.084 |
12.124 |
4.699 |
4.557 |
3.756 |
3.973 |
3.527 |
3.778 |
3.346 |
3.332 |
|
95 Am |
125.027 |
123.891 |
120.360 |
119.317 |
106.523 |
102.083 |
23.773 |
22.637 |
19.106 |
18.063 |
22.944 |
22.065 |
18.852 |
18.504 |
17.676 |
14.617 |
14.412 |
12.384 |
|
4.667 |
3.839 |
4.092 |
0.0 |
3.887 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
|
|
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|
| Intensity |
— |
~15 |
~20 |
~10 |
100 |
~65 |
— |
~5 |
~20 |
20 |
— |
~25 |
~100 |
— |
~20 |
~90 |
10 |
20–5 |
|
— |
|
— |
|
— |
|
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|
|
96 Cm |
128.220 |
127.066 |
123.423 |
122.325 |
109.290 |
104.441 |
24.460 |
23.306 |
19.663 |
18.565 |
23.779 |
|
19.552 |
18.930 |
|
14.959 |
14.703 |
|
|
4.797 |
|
4.227 |
|
3.971 |
|
|
|
97 Bk |
131.590 |
130.355 |
126.663 |
125.443 |
112.138 |
107.205 |
25.275 |
24.040 |
20.348 |
19.128 |
24.385 |
|
20.019 |
19.452 |
|
15.320 |
15.086 |
|
|
4.927 |
|
4.366 |
|
4.132 |
|
|
|
98 Cf |
135.960 |
134.681 |
130.851 |
129.601 |
116.030 |
110.710 |
26.110 |
24.831 |
21.001 |
19.751 |
25.250 |
|
20.763 |
19.930 |
|
15.677 |
15.443 |
|
|
5.109 |
|
4.487 |
|
4.253 |
|
|
|
99 Es |
139.490 |
138.169 |
134.238 |
132.916 |
119.080 |
113.470 |
26.900 |
25.579 |
21.648 |
20.326 |
26.020 |
|
21.390 |
20.410 |
|
16.036 |
15.780 |
|
|
5.252 |
|
4.630 |
|
4.374 |
|
|
|
100 Fm |
143.090 |
141.724 |
137.693 |
136.347 |
122.190 |
116.280 |
27.700 |
26.334 |
22.303 |
20.957 |
26.810 |
|
22.044 |
20.900 |
|
16.402 |
16.134 |
|
|
5.397 |
|
4.766 |
|
4.498 |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
101 Md |
146.780 |
145.370 |
141.234 |
139.761 |
125.390 |
119.170 |
28.530 |
27.120 |
22.984 |
21.511 |
27.610 |
|
22.707 |
21.390 |
|
16.768 |
16.487 |
|
|
5.546 |
|
4.903 |
|
4.622 |
|
|
|
102 No |
150.540 |
149..092 |
144.852 |
143.295 |
128.660 |
122.100 |
29.380 |
27.932 |
23.692 |
22.135 |
28.440 |
|
23.403 |
21.880 |
|
17.139 |
16.843 |
|
|
5.688 |
|
5.037 |
|
4.741 |
|
|
|
103 Lw |
154.380 |
152.900 |
148.670 |
146.920 |
132.020 |
125.100 |
30.240 |
28.760 |
24.530 |
22.780 |
29.280 |
|
24.130 |
22.360 |
|
17.500 |
17.210 |
|
|
5.710 |
|
5.150 |
|
4.860 |
|
|
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| |
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Unresolved lines:
1—KNII,III
(Kβ2); 2—L1NII,III
(Lγ2,3)
Depending on the resolving power of the
dispersing system used (e.g. crystal spectrometer, solid state energy
dispersive detector) line pairs shown separately in the table may not be
resolved and the effective energy of the doublet will be close to the mean
value weighted by the relative intensity of the components.
(Click the Images to view Larger Images)
Variations of the fluorescence yields
ωK and ωM for
the K-shell and M-shell respectively and of the effective
fluorescence
yield γL1
for the LII shell with atomic number.
|
Variations of Kβ / Kα with atomic number |
D.M. Poole
|
|
