 |
3.10 Chemical thermodynamics
3.10.1 Standard molar heat capacities and
properties of melting and evaporation of the elements
The elements E are listed in alphabetical order of
symbols, and for each element there are given the molar mass, the standard
molar heat capacities C°p
,m(T) at temperatures T between 50 K and
2500 K, the melting temperature Tfus and molar enthalpy of
fusion
Δs1H°m(Tfus),
and the normal boiling temperature Tvap and molar enthalpy of
evaporation
Δ1gH°m(Tvap).
Horizontal lines indicate the positions of the melting temperature and of the
boiling temperature. The gas constant R = 8.314 51 J ·
K −1· mol
−1. † Indicates a defining fixed
temperature of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).
|
C°pm(T)/R |
|
E
M/(g·mol−1) |
Ag
107.8682 |
Al
26.9815 39 |
Ar
39.948 |
As
74.921 59 |
Au
196.966 54 |
B
10.811 |
Ba
137.327 |
Be
9.012 182 |
|
T/K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 . .
. |
1.40 |
0.46 |
|
0.95 |
1.72 |
0.01 |
|
0.02 |
|
100 . .
. |
2.43 |
1.56 |
2.50 |
2.01 |
2.57 |
0.13 |
2.92 |
0.22 |
|
150 . .
. |
2.77 |
2.23 |
2.50 |
2.49 |
2.83 |
0.39 |
|
0.69 |
|
200 . .
. |
2.92 |
2.60 |
2.50 |
2.73 |
2.93 |
0.73 |
3.18 |
1.20 |
|
400 . .
. |
3.12 |
3.10 |
2.50 |
3.08 |
3.12 |
1.88 |
3.99 |
2.41 |
|
600 . .
. |
3.26 |
3.38 |
2.50 |
3.30 |
3.22 |
2.51 |
4.08 |
2.80 |
|
800 . .
. |
3.43 |
3.70 |
2.50 |
3.52 |
3.34 |
2.80 |
4.70 |
3.05 |
|
1000
. . . |
3.58 |
3.81 |
2.50 |
|
3.48 |
2.99 |
4.70 |
3.28 |
|
1500
. . . |
3.78 |
3.81 |
2.50 |
|
3.52 |
3.36 |
4.68 |
3.57 |
|
2000
. . . |
3.78 |
3.81 |
2.50 |
|
3.52 |
3.58 |
4.77 |
3.57 |
|
2500
. . . |
2.50 |
3.81 |
2.50 |
|
3.52 |
3.67 |
4.80 |
3.70 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tfus/K
. . |
1234.93† |
933.473† |
83.75 |
|
1 337.33† |
2
450 |
1 000 |
1 556 |
|
Δs1H°m/(R
· K) |
1359 |
1287 |
142 |
|
1 487 |
2 718 |
963 |
1 408 |
|
Tvap/K
. . |
2440 |
2790 |
87.29 |
|
3 120 |
4 000 |
1 910 |
2 757 |
|
ΔlgH°m/(R
· K) |
3067.6 |
3498 |
784 |
|
39 020 |
61 070 |
16 860 |
35 790 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E
M/(g·mol−1) |
Bi
208.980 37 |
Br2
159.808 |
C
12.011 |
Ca
40.078 |
Cd
112.411 |
Ce
140.115 |
Cl2
70.9054 |
Co
58.933 20 |
|
T/K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 . . .
|
2.13 |
4.01 |
0.06 |
1.31 |
1.95 |
2.50 |
3.51 |
0.53 |
|
100 . .
. |
2.27 |
5.24 |
0.20 |
2.35 |
2.67 |
3.25 |
5.09 |
1.67 |
|
150 . .
. |
2.93 |
5.92 |
0.38 |
2.77 |
2.89 |
3.38 |
6.13 |
2.35 |
|
200 . .
. |
3.01 |
|
0.60 |
2.95 |
2.99 |
3.48 |
6.52 |
2.68 |
|
400 . .
. |
3.34 |
4.41 |
1.42 |
3.24 |
3.27 |
3.67 |
4.25 |
3.19 |
|
600 . .
. |
3.78 |
4.49 |
2.02 |
3.28 |
3.57 |
4.08 |
4.40 |
3.57 |
|
800 . .
. |
3.78 |
4.51 |
2.38 |
4.15 |
3.57 |
4.47 |
4.46 |
3.90 |
|
1000
. . . |
3.78 |
4.53 |
2.60 |
4.69 |
3.57 |
4.88 |
4.51 |
4.45 |
|
1500
. . . |
3.78 |
4.57 |
3.12 |
3.62 |
2.50 |
4.03 |
4.56 |
4.77 |
|
2000
. . . |
2.53 |
4.59 |
3.02 |
2.53 |
2.50 |
4.03 |
4.61 |
4.87 |
|
2500
. . . |
2.57 |
4.63 |
3.12 |
2.62 |
2.50 |
4.03 |
4.65 |
4.87 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tfus/K
. . |
544.6 |
265.9 |
|
1
112 |
594.3 |
1
073 |
172.15 |
1
768 |
|
Δs1H°m/(R
· K) |
1
359 |
1271 |
|
1
026 |
730 |
1
106 |
771
|
1
950 |
|
Tvap/K
. . |
1
837 |
332.6 |
|
1
765 |
1
045 |
3
270 |
239.2
|
3
170 |
|
Δlg
H°m/(R · K) |
22
526 |
3555 |
|
18
602 |
12
012 |
37
741 |
2455 |
44
900 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C°pm
(T)/R |
|
E
M/(g·mol–1) |
Cr
51.9961 |
Cs
132.905 43 |
Cu
63.546 |
Er
167.26 |
Eu
151.965 |
F2
37.996 806 |
Fe
55.847 |
Ga
69.723 |
|
T/K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50
. . |
0.24 |
2.92 |
0.76 |
3.42 |
|
|
0.36 |
1.24 |
|
100 .
. |
1.20 |
3.10 |
1.95 |
2.96 |
|
3.50 |
1.46 |
2.23 |
|
150 .
. |
1.98 |
3.22 |
2.47 |
3.13 |
|
|
2.18 |
2.65 |
|
200 .
. |
2.39 |
3.34 |
2.72 |
3.25 |
|
3.57 |
2.60 |
2.86 |
|
400 .
. |
3.03 |
3.79 |
3.04 |
3.45 |
3.32 |
3.97 |
3.30 |
3.34 |
|
600 .
. |
3.33 |
3.73 |
3.19 |
3.61 |
3.52 |
4.22 |
3.85 |
3.34 |
|
800 .
. |
3.54 |
3.72 |
3.31 |
3.76 |
3.73 |
4.37 |
4.56 |
3.34 |
|
1000 .
. |
3.84 |
2.50 |
3.45 |
3.91 |
3.92 |
4.44 |
6.54 |
3.34 |
|
1500 .
. |
4.23 |
2.50 |
3.94 |
4.28 |
4.03 |
4.55 |
4.39 |
3.34 |
|
2000 .
. |
4.96 |
2.56 |
3.94 |
4.03 |
2.56 |
4.62 |
5.53 |
3.34 |
|
2500 .
. |
4.73 |
2.77 |
3.94 |
4.03 |
2.83 |
4.67 |
5.53 |
3.34 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tfus/K .
. . |
2 130 |
301.55 |
1 357.77† |
1 790 |
1 100 |
53.55 |
1 810 |
302.9146† |
|
Δs1H°m/(R
· K) |
2 400 |
251 |
1 580 |
2 063 |
1 258 |
613
|
1 660 |
672 |
|
Tvap/K .
. . |
2 870 |
959 |
2 860 |
2 900 |
1 700 |
85.05
|
3 030 |
2 480 |
|
Δlg H°m/(R
· K) |
40 830 |
8151 |
36 140 |
35 225 |
21 135 |
787
|
42 035 |
30 797 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E
M/(g·mol–1) |
Gd
157.25 |
Ge
72.61 |
H2
2.015 88 |
He
4.002 602 |
Hf
178.49 |
Hg
200.59 |
Ho
164.930 32 |
I2
253.808 94 |
|
T/K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50
. . . |
2.33 |
0.75 |
|
|
|
2.39 |
2.95 |
4.31 |
|
100 .
. . |
3.48 |
1.66 |
3.39 |
|
|
2.92 |
4.71 |
5.50 |
|
150 .
. . |
3.93 |
2.23 |
|
|
|
3.12 |
3.20 |
5.97 |
|
200 .
. . |
4.34 |
2.51 |
3.30 |
|
|
3.28 |
3.19 |
6.21 |
|
400 .
. . |
3.52 |
2.99 |
3.51 |
2.50 |
3.13 |
3.30 |
3.36 |
9.71 |
|
600 .
. . |
3.69 |
3.18 |
3.52 |
2.50 |
3.25 |
3.26 |
3.54 |
4.52 |
|
800 .
. . |
3.86 |
3.30 |
3.56 |
2.50 |
3.37 |
2.50 |
3.70 |
4.55 |
|
1000 .
. . |
4.03 |
3.40 |
3.63 |
2.50 |
3.49 |
2.50 |
3.87 |
4.56 |
|
1500 .
. . |
4.45 |
3.52 |
3.88 |
2.50 |
3.80 |
2.50 |
4.31 |
4.59 |
|
2000 .
. . |
4.03 |
3.52 |
4.13 |
2.50 |
4.10 |
2.50 |
4.03 |
4.63 |
|
2500 .
. . |
4.03 |
3.52 |
4.31 |
2.50 |
4.03 |
2.50 |
4.03 |
4.67 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tfus/K .
. |
1 600 |
1 232 |
13.95 |
3.5 |
2 500 |
234.31 |
1 740 |
386.8 |
|
Δs1H°m/(R
· K) . |
1 862 |
3 825 |
13 |
2.4 |
2 617 |
277 |
2 063 |
1867 |
|
Tvap/K .
. |
3 200 |
3 100 |
20.28 |
4.22 |
5 600 |
629.81 |
2 600 |
457.5 |
|
