Standard thermodynamic functions for pure inorganic substances, for aqueous ions, ... 3.10.5



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3.10.5 Standard thermodynamic functions for pure inorganic substances, for aqueous ions, and for pure organic substances

Any standard thermodynamic function depends only on temperature (and not at all on pressure or composition). Any can be derived given a formula for the standard chemical potential μ°_B of the substance B. There are three formulae, applicable according to whether B is a gas B(g); is a pure liquid B(l) or a pure solid B(s) or the solvent B(solvent) in a solution; or is a solute B(solute) in a solution.

For a substance B in a gaseous phase, whether pure or mixed:

μ°_B(g, T ) = μ_B(g, T, p, y_B, y_c, . . .) −RT · ln (y_Bp/p°)	−		p	(V_B −RT/p)dp,		(1)
			0

where p° is a standard pressure, y_B, y_c,... are the mole fractions of B, C,..., and V_B = V_B(g, T, p, y_B, y_c,...) is the partial molar volume of B. The standard molar enthalpy H_B(g, T) of a substance B in a gas (unlike the standard molar entropy or the standard molar Gibbs free energy) is independent of the choice of a value for the standard pressure p°.

For a substance B(cd) in a condensed phase, whether pure or mixed, or for the solvent substance B (solvent) in a solution:

μ°_B(cd or solvent, T) = μ^_B(cd, T, p*) +		p°	V^_B(cd, T, p*)dp,		(2)
		p

where cd may be replaced by 1 or s or cr, * denotes ‘pure’, p° is a standard pressure, and V^*_B is the molar volume of pure B.

For a solute substance B in a solution of B, C,... in a solvent substance A:

μ°_B(solute, T) = {μ_B(solute, T, p, m_B, m_c, . . .) −RT·ln(m_B/m°)}^∞ +		p°	V_B^∞(solute, T, p) dp,		(3)
		p

where m_B, m_c,... are the molalities of the solute substances B, C,... in the solvent substance A, m⁰ is a standard molality, ^∞denotes the limit at infinite dilution, V^∞_B is the partial molar volume of the solute substance B at infinite dilution, and p° is a standard pressure.

For the general chemical reaction:

0 = Σ_Bv_BB,

(4)

where v_B is the stoichiometric coefficient of the substance B, the criterion of chemical equilibrium is

Σ_Bv_Bμ_B(T, p, ξ^eq) = 0,

(5)

where ξ^eq denotes the extent of reaction at chemical equilibrium. We rewrite (5) in the form:

Σ_Bv_B{μ_B(T ,p, ξ^eq) −μ°_B(T)} = −Σ_Bv_Bμ°_B(T) RT.ln{K°(T)},

(6)

where K° is called the standard equilibrium constant of the chemical reaction, and for a given reaction depends only on temperature and not at all on pressure or composition.

Standard thermodynamic functions for chemical reactions include all those derived from μ_B°(‘state’, T) as defined in (1), (2), and (3) by summation, e.g. Σ_Bv_Bμ_B° = Δ_r G_m° = −RT · ln K°, and sometimes by differentiation with respect to T, e.g. Δ_rS_m° = R · ln K° +RT · d ln K°/dT or Δ_rH_m° = RT²·d ln K°/dT.

The particular chemical reaction in which a substance is formed from its elements each in its reference state at the temperature in question is called formation. In the tables that follow, the reference state of any element is determined by the phase for which ln{K_f°(T)} = 0.

The quantities tabulated are the natural logarithms of the standard equilibrium constant for formation ln{K_f° (T)}, for inorganic substances over the range T = 298.15 K to T= 1000 K, and for aqueous ions and for organic substances only at T = 298.15 K. Although values of ln{K_f° (T)} are sufficient to solve all thermochemical problems, values of Δ_fH°_m(T ^†)/RT ^† are also given for two reasons. Firstly, the values of ln{K_f° (T)} are usually obtained by subtracting the best experimental value of Δ_fH°_m(T ^†)/RT, measured by reaction calorimetry, from the best experimental value of Δ_f(Δ^T₀S_m° −Δ_T†^TH_m°/T) determined by heat-capacity calorimetry, assuming Nernst’s heat theorem to be obeyed; if either of the terms needs revision in the light of new measurements then, provided that Δ_fH_m°(T^†)/RT is included, it is easy to revise the values of ln{K_f°(T)}. Secondly, for some gases the values of ln{K_f° (T)} are those evaluated according to the methods of statistical mechanics from spectroscopic quantities together with the value of Δ_fH_m°(T ^†) at any one temperature T^†.

For pure substances the value of the standard molar heat capacity C_{p, m}°(T^†) is also given.

Throughout the following tables the value of T^† is 298.15 K, the gas constant R was taken as 8.314 51 J·K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, the standard pressure p° was chosen to be 101.325 kPa, and the standard molality m° was chosen to be 1 mol·kg⁻¹.

Inorganic substances


The values in the following table were derived from values given by I. Barin (1989) Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, Parts I and II, VCH, Weinheim, F.R.G.
T/K	298.15	400	600	800	1000	Δ_f H°_m(T^†)	C°_p,_m(T^†)
			ln{K°_f (T)}			RT	R
Ag(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.06
AgBr(cr\|l)	39.2	27.9	16.6 \|	11.4	8.5	−40.6	6.47
AgCN(cr)	−63.4	−48.3	—	—	—	+58.9	8.00
Ag₂CO₃(cr)	176.2	124.3	—	—	—	−204.0	13.42
AgCl(cr\|l)	44.3	31.3	12.8 \|	12.9	9.7	−51.3	6.36
Ag₂CrO₄(cr)	258.9	183.8	—	—	—	−295.2	17.10
AgF(cr)	75.3	54.3	34.0	—	—	−82.5	6.24
AgI(crα\|β\|l)	26.7	20.3 \|	12.6	8.5 \|	6.3	−24.9	6.83
AgNO₃(crα\|β\|l)	13.4	0.7 \|\|	−10.5	—	—	−50.2	11.19
Ag₂O(cr)	4.5	1.3	—	—	—	−82.5	7.92
Ag₂S(crα\|β\|γ)	16.4	13.0 \|	9.8	8.1 \|	6.3	−13.2	9.17
Ag₂SO₄(crα\|β\|l)	249.4	125.9	103.9 \|	68.5 \|	47.0	−288.8	15.81

Al(cr\|l)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.92
AlBr₃(cr\|l)	197.1 \|	142.1	—	—	—	−206.2	12.09
AlCl₃(cr\|l)	254.2	181.8 \|	113.5	80.6	61.0	−284.6	10.96
AlCl₃·6H₂O(cr)	912.1	635.4	—	—	—	−1085.8	35.63
AlF₃(crα\|β)	577.3	422.2	271.0 \|	195.6	150.3	−609.3	9.03
AlI₃(cr\|l)	120.7	89.3 \|	53.5	—	—	−122.2	11.89
Al₂O₃(cr α)	638.3	466.1	298.1	214.2	163.7	−676.0	9.51
Al₂(SO₄)₃(cr)	1250.4	896.8	551.2	378.5	272.4	−1388.0	31.20

As(crα)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.96
AsCl₃(l\|g)	104.5	73.4 \|	47.2	34.1	26.3	−123.0	16.05
AsF₃(g)	310.9	230.2	151.3	111.9	88.2	−317.0	7.78
AsH₃(g)	−27.9	−21.2	−15.0	−12.1	−10.4	+26.8	4.58
AsI₃(cr\|l)	23.8	17.6 \|	7.6	—	—	−23.5	12.72
As₂O₃(cr, mono\|l)	232.6	165.4 \|	100.1	—	—	−264.1	11.66
As₂O₅(cr)	315.5	220.5	128.0	—	—	−373.1	14.02
As₂S₃(crα\|β\|l)	67.0	49.8 \|\|	32.1	24.6	—	−67.5	14.01

Au(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.04
AuCl(cr)	5.9	2.2	—	—	—	−14.7	5.86
AuCl₃(cr)	19.3	7.3	—	—	—	−47.4	11.40
Au₂O₃(cr)	−31.4	−31.7	—	—	—	−1.4	13.71
Au(OH)₃(cr)	127.8	84.1	—	—	—	−171.3	11.31

B(crβ)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.36
BBr₃(l\|g)	95.6 \|	69.4	44.3	31.8	24.3	−96.2	15.40
BCl₃(g)	156.5	115.1	74.7	54.5	42.4	−162.6	7.50
BF₃(g)	451.8	335.0	221.0	163.9	129.6	−458.5	6.01
B₂H₆(g)	−35.0	−31.6	−28.9	−27.9	−27.4	+14.4	6.76
BN(cr)	92.2	66.0	40.4	27.6	20.0	−102.6	2.37
B₂O₃(cr\|l)	481.2	350.5	223.0 \|	159.8	122.5	−513.1	7.53

Ba(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.38
BaCO₃(crα)	458.9	334.0	212.2	151.4	115.0	−490.6	10.27
BaCl₂(crI)	326.9	238.7	152.8	109.9	84.2	−346.3	9.04
Ba(NO₃)₂(cr)	321.3	219.5	120.5	71.3	—	−400.2	18.21
BaO(cr)	211.9	155.1	99.6	71.8	55.1	−223.3	5.69
Ba(OH)₂(crα\|β\|l)	346.7	249.6 \|	155.1 \|	108.5	81.0	−381.7	12.22
BaSO₄(crII)	549.5	398.1	250.1	176.0	130.6	−594.3	12.29

Be(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.98
BeCl₂(crβ\|α\|l)	181.3	130.4	80.9 \|\|	56.8	—	−200.2	7.51
BeO(crα)	233.6	171.1	110.1	79.6	61.4	−245.4	3.08

Bi(cr\|l)	0	0 \|	0	0	0	0	3.07
BiCl₃(cr\|l)	127.1	88.3 \|	51.5	34.0	—	−152.9	12.08
Bi₂O₃(crα)	199.1	140.2	82.6	53.1	35.6	−231.5	13.65
BiOCl(cr)	129.9	92.3	55.7	—	—	−148.0	8.90
Bi₂S₃(cr)	56.6	41.8	26.0	16.9	8.8	−57.7	14.68

Br₂(l\|g)	0 \|	0	0	0	0	0	9.10

C(cr, graphite)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.02
C(cr, diamond)	−1.2	−1.0	−0.8	−0.8	−0.7	+0.8	0.74
CCl₄(l\|g)	25.2 \|	13.2	3.3	−1.6	−4.4	−53.6	16.10
CF₄(g)	358.4	262.5	168.9	122.1	94.0	−376.4	7.35
CH₄(g)	20.5	12.6	4.6	0.3	−2.4	−52.6	4.29
C₂N₂(g)	−120.1	−88.3	−57.1	−41.9	−32.1	+124.7	6.81
CO(g)	55.3	44.0	33.0	27.4	24.1	−44.6	3.50
CO₂(g)	159.1	118.7	79.2	59.5	47.6	−158.7	4.47
COCl₂(g)	83.1	60.5	38.4	27.4	20.8	−88.8	6.94

Ca(crα\|β)	0	0	0 \|	0	0	0	3.04
CaC₂(crα\|β)	26.2	20.1	14.5 \|	11.8	10.3	−24.1	7.54
CaCN₂(cr)	122.5	86.6	51.9	34.8	24.6	−141.4	10.01
CaCO₃(cr, calcite)	455.4	331.4	210.7	150.5	114.4	−486.9	10.04
CaCl₂(cr)	301.8	220.1	140.6	101.0	77.2	−321.0	8.76
CaH₂(crα)	55.7	37.4	19.5	10.4	5.0	−71.4	4.93
Ca(NO₃)₂(cr)	299.8	203.4	109.9	63.6	—	−378.5	17.96
Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O(cr)	691.1	472.0	258.3	151.7	—	−860.2	36.14
CaO(cr)	243.5	178.2	114.7	82.9	63.9	−256.2	5.07
Ca(OH)₂(cr)	362.4	261.2	162.6	—	—	−397.8	10.52
CaSO₄(crII)	533.2	385.8	241.7	169.7	125.6	−578.5	11.98
CaSO₄·0.5H₂O(crα)	483.9	349.1	217.3	151.3	—	−636.0	14.19
CaSO₄·2H₂O(cr)	725.0	517.2	314.5	213.8	—	−815.9	22.37

Cd(cr\|l)	0	0 \|	0	0	0	0	3.12
CdCl₂(cr\|l)	138.7	98.6	59.6	40.0 \|	29.1	−157.9	8.97
CdO(cr)	92.5	65.9	40.0	26.8	18.9	−104.5	5.25
Cd(OH)₂(cr)	191.1	132.6	72.7	40.5	20.0	−226.2	14.29
CdS(cr)	58.0	42.6	27.3	19.2	13.4	−60.2	4.31
CdSO₄(cr α)	331.9	235.9	142.0	94.6	65.4	−376.5	11.98

Cl₂(g)	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.08
Cl₂O(g)	−42.4	−33.4	−24.5	−20.1	−17.4	+35.4	5.72

Co(crα\|β)	0	0	0 \|	0	0	0	2.98
CoCl₂(cr)	108.8	76.8	45.8	30.5	21.4	−126.1	9.44
CoSO₄(crα\|β)	315.6	224.4	135.1	90.6 \|	63.2	−358.3	12.41

Cr(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.81
CrCl₂(cr)	143.7	103.1	63.8	44.3	32.6	−154.5	8.56
CrCl₃(cr)	196.2	139.1	83.7	56.2	39.9	−224.5	11.04
CrO₃(cr\|l)	206.8	146.2 \|	88.2	—	—	−237.8	8.34
Cr₂O₃(cr)	426.8	309.9	196.1	139.4	105.4	−459.8	14.48

Cs(cr\|l\|g)	0 \|	0	0	0 \|	0	0	3.87
CsCl(crα\|β\|l)	167.2	121.5	77.0 \|	54.9 \|	41.5	−178.6	6.31
Cs₂O(cr)	124.4	88.5	53.4 \|	—	—	−139.6	9.14

Cu(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.94
CuCl(crα\|β\|l)	55.9	40.0	24.6 \|\|	17.5	13.4	−62.8	6.32
CuCl₂(crα\|β)	70.1	47.8	26.2 \|	15.6	—	−87.9	8.64
CuO(cr)	51.8	35.7	20.2	12.5	8.0	−63.0	5.08
Cu₂O(cr)	59.7	42.1	25.0	16.5	11.5	−68.9	7.52
CuS(cr)	21.6	16.1	10.4	7.5	4.8	−21.4	5.75
Cu₂S(crα\|β\|γ)	34.9 \|	26.6	18.8 \|	15.0	11.8	−32.7	9.25
CuSO₄(cr)	267.1	187.8	110.3	71.6	47.6	−311.2	11.88
CuSO₄·5H₂O(cr)	758.3	523.9	294.4	—	—	−919.6	33.82

D₂(g)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.51
HD(g)	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	+0.1	3.51
D₂O(l\|g)	98.2 \|	69.0	43.8	31.2	23.6	−118.8	10.14
HDO(g)	—	68.8	44.0	31.6	24.1	−99.0	—

F₂(g)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.77
Fe(crα)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.00
Fe₃C(crα\|β)	−8.1	−5.4 \|	−2.2	−0.4	+0.6	+10.1	12.73
FeCO₃(cr)	268.9	192.9	118.8	82.0	—	−298.7	9.87
Fe(CO)₅(l\|g)	280.4 \|	202.8	130.8	94.9	73.4	−291.8	28.94
FeCl₂(cr\|l)	122.0	86.9	53.0	36.2 \|	26.4	−137.9	9.22
FeCl₃(cr\|l)	134.7	93.8 \|	54.6	—	—	−161.1	11.62
FeO_0.9470(cr)	98.9	71.6	45.1	31.9	24.0	−107.4	5.79
FeO(cr)	101.4	73.5	46.4	33.0	24.9	−109.7	6.01
Fe₂O₃(crα\|β)	299.4	214.8	132.6	91.8 \|	67.4	−332.5	12.49
Fe₃O₄(crα\|β)	409.5	294.8	183.3	128.1 \|	109.8	−451.1	18.13
FeS(crα\|β\|γ)	41.1	30.7 \|\|	20.7	15.7	11.7	−41.0	6.08
FeS₂(cr)	64.6	47.1	28.9	19.6	12.1	−69.2	7.47
FeSO₄(cr)	332.8	237.3	144.0	97.3	68.6	−374.7	12.09

Ga(cr\|l)	0 \|	0	0	0	0	0	3.14
GaCl₃(cr\|l)	182.7 \|	129.0	—	—	—	−211.6	14.24
Ga₂O₃(crβ)	402.7	289.8	179.5	124.6	91.7	−439.3	11.09

Ge(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.81
GeO₂(crα)	210.3	150.7	92.7	63.8	46.6	−233.9	6.03

H₂(g)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.47
HBr(g)	21.6	16.9	11.6	8.9	7.3	−14.7	3.50
HCN(g)	−50.3	−36.4	−22.9	−16.2	−12.2	+54.5	4.31
HCl(g)	38.4	28.9	19.6	15.0	12.1	−37.2	3.50
HF(g)	110.8	82.8	55.4	41.7	33.5	−109.9	3.50
HI(g)	−0.6	1.9	2.2	1.9	1.7	+10.6	3.51
H₂O(l\|g)	95.7 \|	69.3	42.9	30.6	23.0	−115.3	9.06
H₂O₂(l\|g)	48.5	29.4 \|	14.6	7.7	3.4	−75.7	10.72
H₂S(g)	13.4	11.2	8.5	6.9	4.9	−8.3	4.11

Hf(crα)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.10
HfO₂(crα)	439.0	321.5	206.9	149.8	115.6	−461.8	7.25

Hg(l\|g)	0	0	0 \|	0	0	0	3.36
HgCl₂(cr\|l\|g)	74.2	50.7 \|\|	28.7	19.0	12.8	−92.8	8.89
Hg₂Cl₂(cr)	84.9	57.8	51.5	—	—	−106.9	12.26
HgO(cr, red)	23.6	14.3	5.3	−1.5	—	−36.6	5.30
HgS(cr, red \| black)	18.4	12.9	7.2 \|	2.0	−2.2	−21.5	5.82

I₂(cr\|l\|g)	0 \|	0 \|	0	0	0	0	6.55

In(cr\|l)	0	0 \|	0	0	0	0	3.22
InCl₃(cr)	186.5	131.4	77.6	51.0	—	−216.7	11.46
In₂(SO₄)₃(cr)	983.5	697.1	416.1	275.5	—	−1124.3	33.68

Ir(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.00
IrCl₃(cr)	68.4	43.2	18.8	6.7	0.4	−99.1	10.32
IrO₂(cr)	76.0	51.1	27.0	15.1	8.1	−97.9	7.21

K(cr\|l)	0 \|	0	0	0	0	0	3.52
KAl(SO₄)₂(cr)	903.5	649.5	401.1	276.9	200.8	−996.5	23.21
KCN(cr\|l)	41.2	29.4	18.0	12.3 \|	9.1	−45.8	7.98
K₂CO₃(cr)	429.4	311.0	195.5	137.9	103.6	−464.0	13.74
KCl(cr)	164.9	119.9	76.0	54.1	41.0	−176.2	6.22
KNO₃(crα\|β\|l)	159.2	108.3 \|	59.4 \|	—	—	−199.5	11.59
K₂O(cr)	130.2	92.8	56.1	37.9	27.0	−145.8	8.95
KOH(crα\|β\|l)	152.8	109.1 \|	66.7 \|	46.2	34.1	−171.3	7.80
K₂SO₄(crα\|β)	532.4	384.4	239.4	167.1 \|	123.2	−580.0	15.78

Li(cr\|l)	0	0 \|	0	0	0	0	2.96
LiCl(cr\|l)	154.9	113.0	72.0	51.5 \|	39.6	−164.7	5.78

Mg(cr\|l)	0	0	0	0 \|	0	0	3.00
MgCl₂(cr\|l)	238.8	173.0	109.0	77.1 \|	58.0	−258.8	8.58
MgO(cr)	229.5	167.8	107.5	77.4	59.3	−242.5	4.46
Mg(OH)₂(cr)	336.3	241.3	—	—	—	−373.0	9.29
MgSO₄(cr)	472.2	340.2	211.0	146.4	106.8	−518.3	11.57

Mn(crα\|β)	0	0	0	0 \|	0	0	3.17
MnO(cr)	146.4	106.8	68.3	49.1	37.5	−155.4	5.30
MnO₂(crα)	187.6	134.2	82.2	56.2	—	−209.8	6.54
MnSO₄(cr)	386.2	276.7	169.7	116.2	—	−429.7	12.05

Mo(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.87
MoO₃(cr)	269.5	193.0	118.5	81.5	59.4	−300.6	9.02

N₂(g)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.50
NH₃(g)	6.6	1.8	−3.2	−5.8	−7.4	−18.5	4.29
NH₄Cl(crI\|II)	81.9	49.6 \|	18.5	3.1	—	−126.9	10.42
(NH₄)₂SO₄(cr)	363.7	242.2	123.3	—	—	−474.0	22.55
NO(g)	−34.9	−25.7	−16.6	−12.1	−9.4	+36.2	3.59
NO₂(g)	−20.7	−17.3	−14.1	−12.5	−11.5	+13.4	4.41
N₂O₄(g)	−19.7	−19.3	−18.8	−18.6	−18.4	+3.7	4.67
N₂O(g)	−42.0	−33.6	−25.4	−21.3	−18.8	+32.9	4.67

Na(crα\|l)	0 \|	0	0	0	0	0	3.39
NaBr(cr)	140.9	102.8	64.8	45.9	34.6	−145.8	6.24
NaCN(cr\|l)	32.4	23.1	14.0	9.5 \|	7.1	+38.0	6.04
Na₂CO₃(crI\|II)	422.8	306.5	192.8 \|	136.3	102.6	−456.1	13.35
NaCl(cr)	154.9	112.6	71.3	50.6	38.3	−165.8	6.07
NaF(cr)	219.9	160.7	102.9	74.0	56.7	−232.1	5.64
NaHCO₃(cr)	344.0	246.3	—	—	—	−383.6	10.54
NaI(cr\|l)	114.8	85.0	53.7	37.7 \|	28.4	−116.1	6.28
NaNO₃(crI\|II\|l)	148.1	100.0 \|\|	53.5	31.7	19.0	−188.8	11.19
Na₂O(crγ)	152.9	109.9	67.4	46.3	33.7	−168.6	8.29
NaOH(crα\|β\|l)	153.2	109.4 \|\|	66.6	46.1	34.0	−171.8	7.16
Na₃PO₄(cr)	721.5	524.3	331.2	235.0	—	−773.5	18.04
Na₂S(crI)	143.0	105.3	67.7	48.8	35.2	−147.7	9.96
Na₂SO₄(crV\|IV\|I)	512.3	369.5 \|\|	229.9	160.7	118.4	−559.8	15.41

Nb(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.96
Nb₂O₅(crα)	712.4	517.3	327.3	232.5	175.8	−766.3	15.88
Ni(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.14
Ni(CO)₄(g)	236.9	175.1	115.1	85.2	67.3	−243.2	17.96
NiCl₂(cr)	104.5	73.2	42.8	27.8	18.8	−123.2	8.62
NiO(crα\|β\|γ)	85.3	60.7 \|\|	36.9	25.0	17.9	−96.7	5.33
NiSO₄(cr)	306.4	216.9	129.6	86.1	59.4	−352.1	16.60

O₂(g)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.53
O₃(g)	−66.0	−51.3	−37.0	−29.8	−25.5	+57.7	4.72

Os(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.97
OsO₄(cr, yellow\|l)	123.0 \|	84.2	—	—	—	−159.0	18.22

P(crα, white\|l)	0 \|	0	0	0	0	0	2.87
P(crV, red)	4.9	3.0	1.1	0.2	—	−7.0	2.55
PCl₃(g)	108.7	79.0	49.9	35.4	26.7	−116.4	8.61
PCl₅(g)	123.0	84.5	46.9	28.2	17.1	−151.2	13.42
PH₃(g)	−5.5	−5.1	−5.1	−5.3	−5.6	+2.2	4.46
P₄O₁₀(cr\|g)	1088.6	789.1	487.3 \|	340.4	253.0	−1214.2	25.46

Pb(cr\|l)	0	0	0 \|	0	0	0	3.23
PbCl₂(cr\|l)	126.7	89.9	54.2 \|	36.4	26.5	−145.0	9.27
PbO(cr, yellow)	76.1	53.7	32.0	20.9	14.3	−88.0	5.50
PbO(cr, red)	76.4	53.8	32.0	—	—	−88.5	5.50
PbO₂(cr)	66.9	58.7	31.4	17.6	9.4	−110.7	7.35
Pb₃O₄(cr)	242.7	169.0	97.5	61.4	40.0	−289.9	18.63
PbS(cr)	39.1	29.0	18.7	13.2	9.0	−39.8	5.95
PbSO₄(crα)	329.3	234.3	141.2	94.4	65.5	−372.4	10.39

Pd(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.12
PdCl₂(cr\|l)	61.3	41.0	21.3	11.7 \|	6.2	−80.2	9.05
PdO(cr)	34.4	22.5	10.8	4.9	1.4	−46.6	3.77

Pt(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.11
PtCl₂(cr)	37.6	26.7	16.4	—	—	−43.0	9.07

Rb(cr\|l)	0 \|	0	0	0	0	0	3.74
RbCl(cr\|l)	164.5	119.6	75.8	54.0 \|	40.7	−175.6	6.28

S(cr, rh\|mono\|l)	0 \|\|	0	0	0	0	0	2.74
S₂Cl₂(l\|g)	15.8	10.0 \|	7.3	5.8	3.0	−23.5	14.95
SF₆(g)	450.4	324.9	202.1	140.7	103.0	−492.3	11.66
SO₂(g)	121.1	90.5	60.2	44.9	34.7	−119.7	4.80
SO₃(g)	149.7	108.9	68.7	48.4	35.3	−159.6	6.10
SO₂Cl₂(g)	125.2	88.7	52.7	34.6	22.9	−143.1	9.27

Sb(cr\|l)	0	0	0	0 \|	0	0	3.03
SbCl₃(cr\|l)	130.1 \|	91.7	—	—	—	−153.8	13.28
Sb₂O₃(crα\|β\|l)	255.9	182.0	110.2	74.6 \|\|	53.6	−290.6	13.44
Sb₂O₄(cr)	321.1	323.0	201.3	140.5	103.1	−366.1	13.78
Sb₂O₅(cr)	334.5	234.6	137.2	—	—	−392.1	14.14
Sb₂S₃(cr\|l)	56.6	42.0	26.7	18.8 \|	12.0	−57.2	14.41
Se(cr, grey\|l)	0	0 \|	0	0	0	0	3.05
SeO₂(cr\|g)	69.2	46.0	23.3 \|	17.2	13.5	−90.9	6.99

Si(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.40
SiC(cr, cubic)	28.6	21.1	13.7	10.0	7.8	−29.5	3.24
SiCl₄(g)	251.2	183.2	116.8	83.7	63.8	−267.3	10.86
SiH₄(g)	−22.9	−19.6	−16.7	−15.4	−14.7	+13.8	5.15
SiO₂(cr, trig\|hex)	345.5	251.9	160.6	115.1 \|	87.8	−367.4	5.36

Sn(cr, white\|l)	0	0 \|	0	0	0	0	3.25
SnCl₂(cr\|l\|g)	115.5	81.9 \|	49.5	34.0 \|	26.3	−132.3	9.39
SnCl₄(l\|g)	177.5 \|	125.9	78.4	54.5	40.1	−206.2	19.88
SnO(cr)	103.6	74.3	45.5	31.0	22.3	−115.3	5.75
SnO₂(cr)	209.8	150.1	91.6	62.3	4.8	−234.3	6.33

Sr(crα\|γ)	0	0	0	0 \|	0	0	3.22
SrCO₃(crα)	459.4	334.1	212.0	151.1	114.5	−492.1	10.14
SrCl₂(cr)	314.6	229.6	146.8	105.5	80.9	−334.4	9.09
SrO(cr)	226.5	165.7	106.4	76.8	59.1	−238.8	5.46
Sr(OH)₂(cr\|l)	355.4	255.9	158.8 \|	110.5	82.4	−390.8	9.01
SrSO₄(crI)	543.3	393.4	246.7	173.2	128.2	−588.5	12.23

Ta(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.05
Ta₂O₅(cr)	770.9	560.8	356.1	254.1	193.1	−825.3	16.24

Te(cr\|l)	0	0	0 \|	0	0	0	3.09
TeCl₄(cr\|l\|g)	95.2	62.1 \|	31.4 \|	18.6	11.7	−190.6	16.66
TeO₂(cr)	108.7	75.6	43.3	27.0	16.9	−130.5	7.68

Th(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.29
ThO₂(cr)	471.5	345.5	222.8	161.5	124.8	−484.7	7.43
Th(SO₄)₂(cr)	932.0	670.7	415.2	287.5	209.6	−1025.7	20.86

Ti(crα)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.01
TiCl₂(cr)	187.9	135.0	83.6	58.0	42.7	−207.9	8.40
TiCl₃(cr)	264.0	190.0	118.0	82.2	60.9	−291.1	11.68
TiCl₄(l\|g)	297.4	215.0 \|	138.4	100.2	77.3	−324.4	17.46
TiO₂(cr, rutile)	358.8	261.8	167.2	120.0	91.7	−381.1	6.63

Tl(crα\|β\|l)	0	0 \|\|	0	0	0	0	3.16
TlCl(cr\|l)	74.6	53.7	33.3 \|	23.3	17.8	−82.4	6.13
Tl₂O₃(cr)	125.8	85.4	46.1	26.2	14.5	−159.2	12.68

U(crα\|β)	0	0	0	0 \|	0	0	3.33
UF₃(cr)	580.8	426.0	275.1	199.8	154.8	−608.6	11.44
UF₄(cr)	738.3	541.1	349.1	253.3	196.0	−774.9	13.95
UF₆(cr\|l\|g)	834.4 \|	610.2 \|	397.0	289.5	225.1	−886.3	20.14
UO₂(cr)	416.2	304.8	196.3	142.1	109.7	−437.6	7.65
UO₃(crγ)	461.9	336.3	214.0	152.9	—	−493.3	9.82
U₃O₈(crα)	1359.2	992.3	635.0	456.9	—	−1442.1	28.53
UO₂(NO₃)₂(cr)	445.7	307.2	172.3	—	—	−544.3	22.57
UO₂SO₄(crβ)	679.0	489.5	304.4	—	—	−744.3	17.47

V(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.99
V₂O₅(cr\|l)	572.6	413.3	258.4	181.2 \|	135.6	−625.5	15.96

W(cr)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.92
WO₃(crI)	308.2	221.7	137.4	95.5	70.4	−340.0	8.75

Y(crα)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.19
Y₂O₃(crα)	732.8	537.2	346.4	251.2	194.2	−768.6	12.33

Zn(cr\|l)	0	0	0 \|	0	0	0	3.06
ZnBr₂(cr\|l\|g)	126.0	90.3	54.3 \|	36.7 \|	27.1	−133.0	7.90
ZnCl₂(cr\|l\|g)	149.0	106.4 \|	65.1	44.9 \|	32.8	−167.4	8.58
ZnO(cr)	129.3	93.3	58.2	40.6	29.8	−141.4	4.94
ZnS(cr, wurtzite)	76.7	57.0	37.4	27.2	20.1	−77.4	5.52
ZnS(cr, sphalerite)	80.8	59.7	38.8	28.0	20.4	−82.8	5.46
ZnSO₄(crII)	351.5	250.5	151.6	101.9	71.1	−396.5	11.91
ZnSO₄·7H₂O(cr)	1034.0	717.7	408.3	253.2	—	−1241.9	45.60

Zr(crα)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.03
ZrO₂(crα)	419.4	306.7	196.9	142.0	109.2	−442.7	6.74

Aqueous ions B^z

For each aqueous ion the value given is that for the electrically neutral ion pair: B^z −zH⁺, where z is the charge number, positive for a cation and negative for an anion. The values were taken from J. D. Cox, D.D. Wagman, V. A. Medvedev, (eds) (1989) CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere, New York.

Aqueous ion	−ln{K_f° (T^†)}	Δ_f H_m°(T^†)/RT^†

Ag ⁺ − H⁺	−31.11	42.67
Al³⁺ − 3H⁺	199.4	−217.2
Br⁻ + H⁺	41.90	−48.98
CO₃²⁻ + 2H⁺	212.98	−272.4
Ca²⁺ − 2H⁺	223.0	−219.0
Cd²⁺ − 2H⁺	31.34	−30.6
Cl⁻ + H⁺	52.95	−67.40
ClO⁻₄ + H⁺	3.22	−51.67
Cs⁺ − H⁺	117.5	−104.1
Cu²⁺ − 2H⁺	−26.11	26.2
F⁻ + H⁺	113.58	−135.3
HCO⁻₃ + H⁺	236.76	−278.3
HPO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺	442.2	−52.4
H₂PO₄⁻ +H⁺	458.8	−524.0
HSO₄⁻ + H⁺	312.58	−525.5
Hg²⁺ − 2H⁺	−66.44	68.7
Hg²⁺₂ − 2H⁺	−61.96	67.3
I⁻ + H⁺	20.87	−22.90
K⁺ −H⁺	113.85	−101.71
Li⁺ −H⁺	120.30	−112.33
Mg²⁺ − 2H⁺	183.7	−188.4
NH⁺₄ − H⁺	32.05	−53.76
NO⁻₃ + H⁺	44.73	−83.4
Na⁺ − H⁺	104.81	−96.95
OH⁻ + H⁺	63.44	−92.79
Pb²⁺ − 2H⁺	9.77	0.37
Rb⁺ − H⁺	113.8	−101.30
SH⁻ + H⁺	−4.92	−6.6
SO²⁻₄ + 2H⁺	300.17	−366.8
Sn²⁺ − 2H⁺	11.13	−3.6
UO²₂ − 2H⁺	384.3	−411.1
Zn²⁺ − 2H⁺	59.37	−61.88

Organic substances

Some additional sources are D. R. Stull, E. F. Westrum, Jr., and G. C. Sinke (1969) The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Wiley, New York, and J. D. Cox and G. Pilcher (1970) Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York.

	−ln{K^°_f (T ^†)}	Δ_f H^°_m(T^†)/RT^†	C^°_p, m(T^†)/R
Acetaldehyde CH₃CHO(g)	52.0	67.0	6.89
Acetamide CH₃CONH₂(s)	—	128.1	—
Acetic acid CH₃CO₂H(l)	157.3	195.4	14.95
Acetone CH₃COCH₃(l)	62.7	100.1	15.00
Acetonitrile CH₃CN(l)	−40.0	−21.6	11.00
Acetyl chloride CH₃COCl(l)	83.9	110.4	14.10
Acetylene C₂H₂(g)	−84.4	−91.4	5.28
Benzene C₆H₆(g)	−52.3	−33.4	9.83
Benzoic acid C₆H₅CO₂H(s)	99.0	155.3	17.66
Bromoethane C₂H₅Br(l)	11.2	37.1	12.12
Bromoethane C₂H₅Br(g)	10.4	14.2	5.10
Butane CH₃(CH₂)₂CH₃(g)	6.9	50.9	11.71
Buta-1,3-diene CH₂:CH·CH:CH₂(g)	−60.8	−44.5	9.56
Chloracetic acid ClCH₂CO₂H(sI)	—	206.9	—
Chloroethane C₂H₅Cl(g)	24.4	45.3	7.55
Chloromethane CH₃Cl(g)	23.2	32.6	4.91
Cyclohexane c-C₆H₁₂(l)	−2.6	15.0	18.82
Diazomethane CH₂N₂(g)	−87.9	−77.7	6.31
1,2-Dichloroethane ClCH₂CH₂Cl(l)	32.1	66.6	15.55
1,1-Dichloroethylene Cl₂C:CH₂(l)	−9.9	9.8	13.39
Dichloromethane CH₂Cl₂(l)	27.1	49.0	12.03
Diethyl ether (C₂H₅)₂O(g)	49.3	101.7	13.53
Dimethylamine (CH₃)₂NH(g)	−27.6	7.4	8.50
Diphenyl ether (C₆H₅)₂O(s)	−58.2	12.8	26.05
Ethane C₂H₆(g)	13.3	34.2	6.33
Ethanediol HOCH₂CH₂OH(l)	130.4	183.5	18.02
Ethanol C₂H₅OH(l)	70.2	111.7	13.64
Ethylene C₂H₄(g)	−27.5	−21.1	5.24
Ethylene oxide c-C₂H₄O(g)	5.28	21.2	5.76
Ethyl nitrate C₂H₅ONO₂(l)	17.4	76.8	20.48
Ethyl nitrite C₂H₅ONO(g)	—	41.9	—
Formaldehyde HCHO(g)	45.6	47.3	4.26
Formamide HCONH₂(l)	—	104.0	12.94
Formic acid HCO₂H(l)	145.8	171.3	11.91
Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆(s)	367.3	514.1	26.33
Glycine NH₂CH₂CO₂H(s)	150.6	215.0	11.93
Heptane CH₃(CH₂)₅CH₃(l)	−0.4	90.5	26.98
Iodoform CHI₃(g)	−71.8	−85.1	9.01
Iodomethane CH₃I(g)	−5.9	−5.2	5.30
Ketene CH₂:CO(g)	25.0	24.6	6.23
Methane CH₄(g)	20.5	30.2	4.25
Methanethiol CH₃SH(g)	3.8	9.0	6.04
Methanol CH₃OH(l)	67.1	96.3	9.81
Methylamine CH₃NH₂(g)	−12.9	9.3	6.39
Methyl formate HCO₂CH₃(g)	119.9	140.2	8.00
Nitroethane C₂H₅NO₂(l)	—	56.6	16.14
Nitromethane CH₃NO₂(l)	5.8	45.6	11.75
Oxalic acid (CO₂H)₂(s)	282.9	334.8	14.10
Propane C₃H₈(g)	9.5	41.9	8.84
Propene CH₂:CH · CH₃(g)	−25.3	−8.2	7.69
Pyridine c-C₅H₅N(g)	−76.7	−56.6	9.39
Styrene C₆H₅CH:CH₂(g)	−86.2	−59.5	14.69
Sucrose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁(s)	623.1	896.4	51.12
Thiophen c-(CH₂)₄S(g)	−51.2	−46.7	8.77
Thiourea NH₂CSNH₂(s)	−8.8	36.3	—
Toluene C₆H₅CH₃(g)	−49.2	−20.2	12.46
Trichloroethylene CHCl:CCl₂(g)	−7.3	3.1	9.66
Trichloromethane CHCl₃(l)	29.7	54.3	13.60
Trimethylamine N(CH₃)₃(g)	−39.9	9.6	11.04
Urea NH₂CONH₂(s)	79.5	134.4	11.20
Vinyl chloride CH₂:CHCl(g)	−20.9	−14.4	6.46
o-Xylene o-C₆H₄(CH₃)₂(g)	−49.3	−7.7	16.03
m-Xylene m-C₆H₄(CH₃)₂(g)	−48.0	−6.9	15.35
p-Xylene p-C₆H₄(CH₃)₂(g)	−48.9	−7.2	15.26

M.L. McGlashan

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